Reported Speech

 

Terkadang kita perlu mengatakan apa yang telah dikatakan oleh orang lain. Ada dua cara untuk melakukan ini dalam bahasa Inggris, yakni direct speech dan reported speech. Direct speech
Direct speech menyatakan ulang secara persis apa yang telah dikatakan oleh orang lain. Contoh:

• Jane said, “I’m so happy today”.
• The president said, “I need a vacation”.

Reported speech
Reported speech secara tidak langsung melaporkan apa yang dikatakan orang lain. Contoh:

• Jane said she was so happy today.
• The president said he needed a vacation.

Reported speech menggunakan bentuk lampau dari direct speech. Jadi jika direct speech dalam bentuk present tense, maka reported speech dalam bentuk past tense. Contoh:
Direct Speech - I said, “She is in her office.”
Reported Speech - I said she was in her office.
Apabila direct speech dalam bentuk past tense, maka reported speech menggunakan bentuk past perfect.
Direct Speech - I said, “She was in her office at lunchtime.”
Reported Speech - I said she had been in her office at lunchtime. atau - I said she was in her office at lunchtime.
Dalam bahasa Inggris moderen, bentuk past perfect sering tidak diperlukan untuk reported speech bentuk lampau, kita cukup menggunakan past simple tense.
Berikut beberapa bentuk kata kerja umum dalam direct dan reported speech

Tenses	Direct / Reported Speech
Simple present:	I said, “She is busy”. - I said she was busy.
Present continuous:	I said, “I am working now”. - I said I was working now
Simple past:	I said, “She was here this morning”. - I said she was here this morning. ATAU I said she had been here this morning.
Past continuous:	I said “She was studying all yesterday” - I said she was studying all yesterday. ATAU I said she had been studying all yesterday
Present perfect:	I said, “She has worked here for 5 years.” - I said she had worked here for 5 years.
Past perfect:	I said, “She had worked here for 5 years.” - I said she had worked here for 5 years.
Future:	I said, “She will work here from July.” - I said she would work here from July.
Future continuous:	I said, “We’ll be living here for 6 months.” - I said we would be living here for 6 months.
Can:	I said, “She can play the piano well.” - I said she could play the piano well.

That
Reported speech sering diberikan sebagai bagian dari klausa-that, khususnya dalam bahasa tertulis dan bahasa yang lebih formal. Contoh:

• He said that he would arrive at 10.00.
• He said he would arrive at 10.00.

Kedua kalimat ini bermakna sama, dan that bisa dihilangkan tanpa ada perubahan makna.

Indirect Speech

Indirect Speech adalah kalimat tak langsung, yaitu kalimat yang dikatakan olehh orang lain (mungkin di tempat dan waktu yang berbeda) berdasarkan apa yang dikatakan langsung oleh penutur pertama. “Indirect Speech” disebut juga reported speech atau quoted speech.

1. Dalam indirect speech, “the past continuous tense” yang digunakan dengan when clause tidak mengalami perubahan.
2. Dalam British English, penulisan tanda kutip menggunakan tanda kutip satu (‘ ‘), sedangkan dalam American English, penulisannya menggunakan tanda kutip dua (“ “).
3. ‘should’ yang digunakan dengan I dan We (British) mempunyai arti akan bukan sebaliknya.
‘should’ berubah menjadi would dalam indirect speech.
Contoh:
 He said that he would be happyàa) He said, ‘ I should be happy.’
b) He said, ‘I shall be happy.’  He said that he would be happyà

4. Untuk suatu pernyataan yang benar secara universal. Kita dapat menggunakan the simple
present tense da dalam noun clause.
Contoh:
a) He said that the sun rises in the east.
b) He said that the sun rose in the east.

5. Jika introductory verb atau kata kerja dalam klausa utama dalam bentuk the simple present,
the present perfect atau the dimple future tense, maka dalam indirect speech tidak mengalami perubahan.
Contoh:
a) He says that he is trying to work carefully.
b) She has said that she will never be late again.

CONTOH:
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
1) He said, ‘I work Hard.’ He said (that) he worked hardà
He said (that)he was working hardà2) He said, ‘I am working hard.’
3) He said, ‘I will work hard.’ He said (that) He would work hardà
He said (that) he had been working hardà4) He said, ‘I was working hard.’
5) He said, ‘I worked hard.’ He said (that) he had worked hardà
He said (that) he had worked hardà6) He said, ‘I have worked hard.’
He said (that) he was going to work hardà7) He said, ‘I am going to work hard.’
8) He said, ‘I can work hard.’ He said (that) he could work hardà
9) He said, ‘I may work hard.’ He said (that) he might work hardà
He said (that) he might work hardà10) He said, ‘I might work hard.’
11) He said, ‘I must work hard.’ He said (that) he must/had to work hardà
He said (that) he had to work hardà12) He said, ‘I have to work hard.’
13) He said, ‘work hard.’ He told me to work hardà
He said (that) he should work hardà14) He said, ‘I should work hard.’
15) He said, ‘Don’t leave.’ He told me not to leaveà
16) He said, ‘Will you come?’ He asked if (wheter or not) I would go.à
17) He asked, ‘where are you?’ He asked me where I wasà
He said (that) he was talking to his teacher when Ann called himà18) He said, ‘I was talking to my teacher when Ann called me.’

Perhatikan perubahan kata keterangan waktu dan kata kerja di dalam Indirect Speech
Direct Speech Indirect Speech

• Then, at that moment (pada waktu itu)àNow (sekarang)
• That thay (hari itu)àToday (hari ini)
• The day before, the previous day (sehari sebelumnya)àYesterday (Kemarin)
• The night before, the previous night (semalam sebelumnya)àLast night (semalam)
• the week before, the previous week (seminggu sebelumnya)àLast week (minggu lalu)
• Two days before (dua hari sebelumnya)àTwo days ago (dua hari lalu)
• a week before, the previous week (seminggu sebelumnya)àA week ago (seminggu lalu)
• A month before, the previous month (sebulan sebelumnya)àA month ago (sebulan lalu)
• a year before, the previous year (setahun sebelumnya)àA year ago (setahun lalu)
• the following day, the next day (hari berikutnya)àTomorrow (besok)
• the following week (minggu berikutnya)àNext week (minggu depan)
• the following month (bulan berikutnya)àNext month (bulan depan)
• the following year (tahun berikutnya)àNext year (tahun depan)
• the following Monday (senin berikutnya)àNext Monday (senin depan)
• there (disana)àHere (disini)
• over there (disebelah sana)àOver here (di sebelah sini)
• that (itu)àThis (ini)
• those (itu)àThese (ini)

Contoh:
He asked wheter (or not) I had stayed thereà1. He asked, ‘Did you stay here?’
He said (that) he had been sick two days before/earlierà2. He said, ‘I was sick two days ago.’
He said (that) he would the following/next dayà3. He said, ‘I will work tomorrow.’
He said (that) he had arrived the day before/the previous dayà4. He said, ‘I arrived yesterday.’
He said (that) he had been there the week beforeà5. He said, ‘I was there last week.’

EXERCISE:
• Ubahlah Direct Speech di bawah ini menjadi Indirect Speech.
1. ‘I am going home now, ‘Yusuf said ......
2. ‘What do you want?’ Linda asked me ......
3. ‘Have you seen him lately?’ his mother wanted to know ......
4. ‘What have you done?’ he asked me ......
5. ‘I am late, ‘Ana said ......
6. ‘Can you stay to have dinner with us?’ I asked him ......
7. ‘May I borrow your pen?’Wati asked ......
8. ‘I am leaving, ‘he told us ......
9. ‘He must go home now, ‘she said ......
10. ‘I can’t do it by myself, ‘Alex told us ......